Microduplication 3p26.3p24.3 and 4q34.3q35.2 Microdeletion Identified in a Patient with Developmental Delay Associated with Brain Malformation

Microdeletions and microduplications are involved in many of prenatal and postnatal cases of multiple congenital malformations (MCM), developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID), and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Molecular karyotyping analysis (MCA), performed by DNA microarray technology, is a valuable method used to elucidate the ethology of these clinical expressions, essentially contributing to the diagnosis of rare genetic diseases produced by DNA copy number variations (CNVs). MCA is frequently used as the first-tier cytogenetic diagnostic test for patients with MCM, DD/ID, or ASD due to its much higher resolution (≥10×) for detecting microdeletions and microduplications than classic cytogenetic analysis by G-banded karyotyping. Therefore, MCA can detect about 10% pathogenic genomic imbalances more than G-banded karyotyping alone. In addition, MCA using the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism-array (SNP-array) method also allows highlighting the regions of loss of heterozygosity and uniparental disomy, which are the basis of some genetic syndromes. We presented a case of a five-year-old patient, with global development delay, bilateral fronto-parietal lysencephaly, and pachygyria, for which MCA through SNP-Array led to the detection of the genetic changes, such as 3p26.3p24.3 microduplication and 4q34.3q35.2 microdeletion, which were the basis of the patient's phenotype and to the precise establishment of the diagnosis.