Assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of exposure to potentially toxic elements in tea infusions: Determination by ICP-OES and multivariate statistical data analysis

Mahmood Ahmed; Muhammad Ahmad; Muhammad Ayyan Khan; Aamir Sohail; Mudassar Sanaullah; Waqar Ahmad; Dure Najaf Iqbal; Khuram Khalid; Tanveer A Wani; Seema Zargar

doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127454

Assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of exposure to potentially toxic elements in tea infusions: Determination by ICP-OES and multivariate statistical data analysis

J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2024 Apr 15:84:127454. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127454. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, College Road, Lahore, Pakistan. Electronic address: mahmoodresearchscholar@gmail.com.
² Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, College Road, Lahore, Pakistan.
³ Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan.
⁴ Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
⁵ Faculty of Applied Science and Technology، Sheridan College, 7899 McLaughlin Road Brampton, Ontario L6Y 5H9, Canada.
⁶ Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
⁷ Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 222452, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.

PMID: 38669815
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127454

Abstract

Background: The perennial evergreen tea (Camellia sinensis) plant is one of the most popular nonalcoholic drinks in the world. Fertilizers and industrial, agricultural, and municipal activities are the usual drivers of soil contamination, contaminating tea plants with potentially toxic elements (PTEs). These elements might potentially accumulate to larger amounts in the leaves of plants after being taken up from the soil. Thus, frequent monitoring of these elements is critically important.

Methods: The present study intended to determine PTEs (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in both tea leaves and infusions using ICP-OES. Various multivariate data analysis methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were employed to elucidate the potential sources of PTEs contamination, whether from anthropogenic activities or natural origins. Additionally, Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC) was calculated to assess the relationships between the variables under study.

Results: The mean contents (mg/L) of all studied elements in tea infusions decreased in order Mn (150.59 ± 1.66) > Fe (11.39 ± 0.99) > Zn (6.62 ± 0.89) > Cu (5.86 ± 0.62) > Co (3.25 ± 0.64) > Ni (1.69 ± 0.23) > Pb (1.08 ± 0.16) > Cr (0.57 ± 0.09) > Cd (0.46 ± 0.09) > Al (0.05 ± 0.008), indicating that Mn exhibits the highest abundance. The mean concentration trend in tea leaf samples mirrored that of infusions, albeit with higher concentrations of PTEs in the former. The tolerable dietary intake (TDI) value for Ni and provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) value for Cd surpassed the standards set by the WHO and EFSA. Calculated hazard index (HI < 1) and cumulative cancer risk (CCR) values suggest negligible exposure risk.

Conclusion: Elevated levels of PTEs in commonly consumed tea products concern the public and regulatory agencies.

Keywords: Cancer risk; Chemometric approach; Metal toxicity; PCA; Tea infusion.