Fairness and fluency: the political audibility of 'newcomers' in Victorian debating clubs and public meetings, 1870-1910

The turn of the twentieth century saw a significant change in the accessibility of political debate: various reforms made the Second Chamber open to religious, ethnic and gendered 'others'. These newcomers would eventually contribute to changes in political practice. Throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, however, their gradual inclusion in political speech in extra-parliamentary spaces was also marked by a process of assimilation and negotiation. Like the elite men who already enjoyed exclusive access to political decision-making, these newcomers had to abide by the 'rules' of debate, and therefore needed to learn how to behave and how to speak in a manner that would make them politically audible in a system that was largely underpinned by ideologies and ideals of free debate and rational, individual speech. This article argues that embodied practices of speech had an important role to play in the process of inclusion, assimilation and rebellion of newcomers in political debates and parliamentary politics . Taking the appearance of colonial 'others' and women in debating clubs as its point of departure and leaning on sources documenting the ideals and practices of various debating clubs in and beyond Victorian Britain, this article aims to show how the often implicit rules of political debate and behaviour were taught and instilled in the second half of the nineteenth century. Assumptions and normative expectations about what constituted legitimate and effective, or 'fluent', political speech worked to exclude numerous speakers, but also provided various historical actors with opportunities to make themselves heard.