The synthesis of optimized thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane with no or few defects is an efficacious method which can improve nanofiltration performance. However, poor dispersion of fillers in the organic phase and wrong compatibility between fillers and polymerizate are still a serious problem. In this study, the particle size of metal organic framework (MOF), aluminum-based metal-organic frameworks (CAU-1) was modulated and for the first time, dodecyl aldehyde was used to modify the surface hydrophobicity of CAU-1, which improved the dispersibility and inhibited the aggregation in the trimesoyl chloride (TMC)/n-hexane solution; later CAU-1 and modified CAU-1 were incorporated into the polyamide (PA) selective layer to synthesize TFN membrane by interfacial polymerization (IP). The particle size modulation and modification of the CAU-1 were demonstrated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) characterization. The characterization showed that PA selective layer was synthesized on the top layer of polysulfone (PSF) substrate. The pure water flux of the TFN membrane was increased to 79.89 ± 1.24 L·m-2·h-1·bar-1 compared to the original thin film composite (TFC) membrane, which was due to the polymerization of 100 nm modified CAU-1 on the PA layer to form a new water molecular channel, thus increasing the water flux by about 70%.