Cytokines derived from lymphocytes are believed to play key roles in a variety of diseases, including airway diseases such as asthma. The current study was designed to evaluate the hypothesis that cytokines derived from Th2 cells, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, might contribute to tissue remodeling by modulating the production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. In addition, the ability of interferon (IFN)-gamma, a cytokine derived from Th1 cells that can antagonize many effects of IL-4 and IL-13, was also assessed for its effects on TGF-beta production. IL-4 and IL-13 both stimulated production of TGF-beta2 release from human bronchial epithelial cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Both with and without acidification, TGF-beta2 were detected. Neither TGF-beta1 nor TGF-beta3 was released. In contrast to the stimulatory effect on human bronchial epithelial cells, neither IL-4 nor IL-13 stimulated release of any TGF-beta isoform from human lung fibroblasts. IFN-gamma reduced both basal, IL-4-, and IL-13-stimulated release of TGF-beta2 in human bronchial epithelial cells. The stimulatory effects of IL-4 and IL-13 and the inhibitory effect of IFN-gamma on TGF-beta2 release were paralleled by mRNA levels, as assessed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In summary, the Th2-derived cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, can stimulate production of TGF-beta from airway epithelial cells but not from lung fibroblasts. IFN-gamma, in contrast, can inhibit TGF-beta2 release both under basal conditions and following IL-4 or IL-13 stimulation. The ability of these cytokines to modulate TGF-beta release may contribute to both normal airway repair and to the development of subepithelial fibrosis in asthma.