Dissimilar forests along the Rio Doce watershed call for multiple restoration references to avoid biotic homogenization

Letícia Ramos; Daniel Negreiros; Fernando Figueiredo Goulart; João Carlos Gomes Figueiredo; Walisson Kenedy-Siqueira; Tiago Shizen Pacheco Toma; Wénita de Souza Justino; Renata A Maia; Jéssica Tetzner de Oliveira; Yumi Oki; Milton Barbosa; Ramiro Aguilar; Rubens Manoel Dos Santos; Henrique Machado Dias; Yule Roberta Ferreira Nunes; G Wilson Fernandes

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172720

Dissimilar forests along the Rio Doce watershed call for multiple restoration references to avoid biotic homogenization

Sci Total Environ. 2024 Apr 28:172720. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172720. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Letícia Ramos¹, Daniel Negreiros², Fernando Figueiredo Goulart¹, João Carlos Gomes Figueiredo³, Walisson Kenedy-Siqueira¹, Tiago Shizen Pacheco Toma², Wénita de Souza Justino¹, Renata A Maia⁴, Jéssica Tetzner de Oliveira⁵, Yumi Oki¹, Milton Barbosa⁴, Ramiro Aguilar⁶, Rubens Manoel Dos Santos⁷, Henrique Machado Dias⁵, Yule Roberta Ferreira Nunes⁸, G Wilson Fernandes⁹

Affiliations

¹ Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
² Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Knowledge Center for Biodiversity, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
³ Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia - PPGB, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, 39401-089, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
⁴ Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, OX1 3QY, Oxford, United Kingdom.
⁵ Forestry and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, 29550-000, Jerônimo Monteiro, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
⁶ Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - CONICET, CC 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
⁷ Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, CP 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
⁸ Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica Aplicada, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, 39401-089, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
⁹ Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Knowledge Center for Biodiversity, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Electronic address: gw.fernandes@gmail.com.

PMID: 38688373
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172720

Abstract

An environmental disaster caused by the rupture of a mining tailings dam has impacted a large area of the Rio Doce watershed in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, resulting in unprecedented damage at spatial and temporal scales. The Atlantic Forest is one of the world's most important biodiversity hotspots. A long history of land use conversion has resulted in a highly fragmented landscape. Despite numerous restoration initiatives, these efforts have often biased criteria and use limited species assemblages. We conducted a comprehensive synthesis of the plant community in riparian forests along the Rio Doce watershed. Our work detailed vegetation composition (tree and sapling strata) and examined its relationship with edaphic and landscape factors, aiming to inform restoration projects with scientifically robust knowledge. A total of 4906 individuals from the tree strata and 4565 individuals from the sapling strata were recorded, representing a total of 1192 species from 75 families. Only 0.8 % of the tree species and 0.5 % of the sapling species occurred in all sampled sectors, with over 84 % of the species occurring in a single watershed sector for both strata. We observed a high species heterogeneity modulated by turnover (92.3 % in the tree, and 92.7 % in the sapling strata) among sites. Overall, our research revealed a gradient of soil fertility influencing species composition across different strata. Additionally, we discovered that preserved landscapes had a positive impact on species diversity within both strata. The species exclusivity in the sampled sites and the high turnover rate imply the need to consider multiple reference ecosystems when restoring the watershed to reduce the risk of biotic homogenization. Finally, the reference ecosystems defined here serve as a basis for the selection of locally particular species in the implementation of restoration projects that aim to improve biodiversity, ecosystem services, and water security.

Keywords: Ecological restoration; Mining disaster; Reference ecosystems; Samarco dam breach; Soil-vegetation relationship.