Background: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a serious complication associated with the use of drugs that affect dopaminergic system neurotransmission. The occurrence of NMS during pregnancy or gestation is considered a life-threatening obstetric emergency.
Case: We are reporting the first case in Latin America of NMS in one pregnant women with acute psychotic episode. One day after starting with antipsychotic therapy, she developed a fever higher than 39.0 °C with tachycardia, tachypnea, generalized muscle rigidity and somnolence, with creatine kinase (CPK) levels evidencing a result of 2800 U/L. She was treated successfully with levetiracetam, biperiden and quetiapine.
Discussion: A search in PubMed, Embase and Ovid from 1988 to 2016 resulted in seven cases reported in either pregnant or puerperal women. In general, NMS resolves within 3-14 days; most NMS cases reported during pregnancy have involved the use of haloperidol (5 case reports) which is concordant with this report. The obstetric results were good in cases reported, only two women showed signs, among them: hyperemesis gravidarum and preterm delivery. Most of the pregnant women who had NMS presented other associated comorbidities, being mostly of infectious origin. In other investigations, it has been affirmed that NMS can become lethal in adults; however, in our search for pregnant women with this disease, no associated mortality was found.
Conclusions: NMS is seen infrequently during pregnancy. The clinical diagnosis requires high suspicion by the examiner. It is important that obstetricians timely recognize the condition.
Keywords: Antipsychotics; malignant neuroleptic syndrome; maternal morbidity; pregnancy; women.