Dual-Phase Lock-In Amplifier Based on FPGA for Low-Frequencies Experiments

Gonzalo Macias-Bobadilla; Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz; Georgina Mota-Valtierra; Genaro Soto-Zarazúa; Maurino Méndez-Loyola; Mariano Garduño-Aparicio

doi:10.3390/s16030379

Dual-Phase Lock-In Amplifier Based on FPGA for Low-Frequencies Experiments

Sensors (Basel). 2016 Mar 16;16(3):379. doi: 10.3390/s16030379.

Authors

Gonzalo Macias-Bobadilla¹, Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz², Georgina Mota-Valtierra³, Genaro Soto-Zarazúa⁴, Maurino Méndez-Loyola⁵, Mariano Garduño-Aparicio⁶

Affiliations

¹ Laboratorio de Mecatrónica, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas, Col. Las Campanas, S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico. gonzalo.macias@uaq.mx.
² Laboratorio de Mecatrónica, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas, Col. Las Campanas, S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico. juvenal@ieee.org.
³ Laboratorio de Mecatrónica, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas, Col. Las Campanas, S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico. georgina.mota@uaq.mx.
⁴ Laboratorio de Mecatrónica, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas, Col. Las Campanas, S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico. genaro.soto@uaq.mx.
⁵ Laboratorio de Mecatrónica, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas, Col. Las Campanas, S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico. carmaury@hotmail.com.
⁶ Laboratorio de Mecatrónica, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas, Col. Las Campanas, S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico. dr.mariano.g@ieee.org.

Abstract

Photothermal techniques allow the detection of characteristics of material without invading it. Researchers have developed hardware for some specific Phase and Amplitude detection (Lock-In Function) applications, eliminating space and unnecessary electronic functions, among others. This work shows the development of a Digital Lock-In Amplifier based on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) for low-frequency applications. This system allows selecting and generating the appropriated frequency depending on the kind of experiment or material studied. The results show good frequency stability in the order of 1.0 × 10(-9) Hz, which is considered good linearity and repeatability response for the most common Laboratory Amplitude and Phase Shift detection devices, with a low error and standard deviation.

Keywords: Field-Programmable-Gate-Array; Lock-In-Amplifier; Phase-Shift-Detection; frequency-stability.

Publication types

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't