Vibrissa growth rate in California sea lions based on environmental and isotopic oscillations

PLoS One. 2018 Oct 10;13(10):e0204641. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204641. eCollection 2018.

Abstract

Pinniped vibrissae provide information on changes in diet at seasonal and annual scales; however, species-specific growth patterns must first be determined in order to interpret these data. In this study, a simple linear model was used to estimate the growth rate of vibrissae from adult female California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) from San Esteban Island in the Gulf of California, Mexico. The δ15N and δ13C values do not display a marked oscillatory pattern that would permit direct determination of the time period contained in each vibrissa; thus, time (age) was calculated in two ways: 1) based on the correlation between the observed number of peaks (Fourier series) in the δ15N profile and the length of each vibrissa, and 2) through direct comparison with the observed number of peaks in the δ15N profile. Cross-correlation confirmed that the two peaks in the δ15N profile reflected the two peaks in the chlorophyll-a concentration recorded annually around the island. The mean growth rate obtained from the correlation was 0.08 ± 0.01 mm d-1, while that calculated based on the observed number of peaks was 0.10 ± 0.05 mm d-1. Both are consistent with the rates reported for adult females of other otariid species (0.07 to 0.11 mm d-1). Vibrissa growth rates vary by individual, age, sex, and species; moreover, small differences in the growth rate can result in significant differences over the time periods represented by the isotopic signal. Thus, it is important to assess this parameter on a species-by-species basis.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • California
  • Carbon Isotopes / chemistry*
  • Diet
  • Female
  • Islands
  • Mexico
  • Nitrogen Isotopes / chemistry*
  • Sea Lions / physiology*

Substances

  • Carbon Isotopes
  • Nitrogen Isotopes

Grants and funding

The authors thank the Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN; National Polytechnic Institute) for financial support for projects SIP 20101451 (DAG), SIP 20110297 (DAG), SIP 20110299 (CJHC), SIP 20120069 (CJHC), and SIP 20120363 (DAG). We also thank the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT; National Council of Science and Technology) and the Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Unidad La Paz (Ensenada Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education, La Paz Unit) for financial support for projects 132415 (CJHC) and 691110 (EGR) respectively. We thank CONACyT 389196 (MPRH), the Programa Institucional de Formación de Investigadores del IPN (PIFI; Institutional Research Training Program) (MPRH), and the Comisión de Operación y Fomento de Actividades Académicas (COFAA; Commission for the Operation and Promotion of Academic Activities) for funding to develop this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.