In Vitro and In Silico Antiviral Activity of Di-Halogenated Compounds Derived from L-Tyrosine against Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1)

HIV-1 infection is considered one of the major public health problems worldwide. Due to the limited access to antiretroviral therapy, the associated side effects, and the resistance that the virus can generate, it has become necessary to continue the development of new antiviral agents. The study aimed to identify potential antiviral agents for HIV-1 by evaluating the in vitro and in silico activity of 16 synthetic di-halogenated compounds derived from L-Tyrosine. The compounds were tested for cytotoxicity, which was determined using MTT, and a combined antiviral screening strategy (pre- and post-infection treatment) was performed against R5 and X4 strains of HIV-1. The most promising compounds were evaluated against a pseudotyped virus (HIV-GFP-VSV-G), and the effectiveness of these compounds was measured through GFP flow cytometry. Also, the antiviral effect of these compounds was evaluated in PBMCs using flow cytometry and ELISA for p24. The TODB-2M, TODC-2M, TODC-3M, and YDC-3M compounds showed low toxicity and significant inhibitory activity against HIV-1. In silico docking and molecular dynamics assays suggest that the compounds' antiviral activity may be due to interaction with reverse transcriptase, viral protease, or envelope gp120.