Chest X-ray (CXR) is considered to be the most widely used modality for detecting and monitoring various thoracic findings, including lung carcinoma and other pulmonary lesions. However, X-ray imaging shows particular limitations when detecting primary and secondary tumors and is prone to reading errors due to limited resolution and disagreement between radiologists. To address these issues, we developed a deep-learning-based automatic detection algorithm (DLAD) to automatically detect and localize suspicious lesions on CXRs. Five radiologists were invited to retrospectively evaluate 300 CXR images from a specialized oncology center, and the performance of individual radiologists was subsequently compared with that of DLAD. The proposed DLAD achieved significantly higher sensitivity (0.910 (0.854-0.966)) than that of all assessed radiologists (RAD 10.290 (0.201-0.379), p < 0.001, RAD 20.450 (0.352-0.548), p < 0.001, RAD 30.670 (0.578-0.762), p < 0.001, RAD 40.810 (0.733-0.887), p = 0.025, RAD 50.700 (0.610-0.790), p < 0.001). The DLAD specificity (0.775 (0.717-0.833)) was significantly lower than for all assessed radiologists (RAD 11.000 (0.984-1.000), p < 0.001, RAD 20.970 (0.946-1.000), p < 0.001, RAD 30.980 (0.961-1.000), p < 0.001, RAD 40.975 (0.953-0.997), p < 0.001, RAD 50.995 (0.985-1.000), p < 0.001). The study results demonstrate that the proposed DLAD could be utilized as a decision-support system to reduce radiologists' false negative rate.
Keywords: YOLO; computer-aided diagnosis; convolutional neural network; deep learning; lung cancer; object detection; pulmonary lesion.