Don't be late! Timely identification of cognitive impairment in people with multiple sclerosis: a study protocol

Background: Cognitive impairment occurs in up to 65% of people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), negatively affecting daily functioning and health-related quality of life. In general, neuropsychological testing is not part of standard MS-care due to insufficient time and trained personnel. Consequently, a baseline assessment of cognitive functioning is often lacking, hampering early identification of cognitive decline and change within a person over time. To assess cognitive functioning in PwMS in a time-efficient manner, a BICAMS-based self-explanatory digital screening tool called the Multiple Screener^©, has recently been developed. The aim of the current study is to validate the Multiple Screener^© in a representative sample of PwMS in the Netherlands. Additionally, we aim to investigate how cognitive functioning is related to psychological factors, and both work and societal participation.

Methods: In this cross-sectional multicentre study, 750 PwMS (aged 18-67 years) are included. To obtain a representative sample, PwMS are recruited via 12 hospitals across the Netherlands. They undergo assessment with the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Functioning in MS (MACFIMS; reference-standard) and the Multiple Screener^©. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for identifying (mild) cognitive impairment are determined in a subset of 300 participants. In a second step, the identified cut-off values are tested in an independent subset of at least 150 PwMS. Moreover, test-retest reliability for the Multiple Screener^© is determined in 30 PwMS. Information on psychological and work-related factors is assessed with questionnaires.

Discussion: Validating the Multiple Screener^© in PwMS and investigating cognition and its determinants will further facilitate early identification and adequate monitoring of cognitive decline in PwMS.