The bioleaching of copper contained in the printed circuit boards (PCB) of waste computers by A. ferrooxidans was studied. The Fe oxidation rates by A. ferrooxidans in the 9K medium supplemented with the leachate of PCB (0.15-0.13 g L(-1) d(-1)) were similar to that in the 9K medium without the leachate (0.15 g L(-1) d(-1)). This finding suggests that the leachate of PCB did not seriously affect the bioleaching process by this bacterium. The amount of copper leached from PCB shreds increased with the addition of ferrous ion and reached up to 5190 mg L(-1) when the initial concentration of Fe2+ ion was 7 g L(-1). As the microbial leaching progressed, pale brown precipitate was observed to form in the solution. Based on the total amount of copper, both in solution and precipitate, the optimal addition of ferrous ion for the leaching of copper was around 7 g L(-1). When citric acid was not added, only about 37 wt% of the total leached copper remained dissolved; however, the amount of dissolved copper increased to greater than 80 wt% in the presence of citric acid. This fact indicates that the addition of a complexing agent (citric acid) to the bioleaching solution can raise the solubility of the leached metal ions.