Verapamil inhibits tumor protease production, local invasion and metastasis development in murine carcinoma cells

Int J Cancer. 1998 Dec 9;78(6):727-34. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19981209)78:6<727::aid-ijc10>3.0.co;2-a.

Abstract

The invasion and metastasis process involves degradation of the extracellular matrix mediated by tumor- and host-produced proteolytic enzymes. The main enzymes involved in this process are urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Calcium is a main co-factor in the signaling pathways that regulate cell proliferation and protease production. We have studied here the effect of verapamil, a calcium channel blocker widely used to treat hypertensive diseases, on local tumor growth, spontaneous and experimental metastasis development, tumor-associated protease production and circulating MMP activity in tumor-bearing mice. BALB/c mice treated for 45 days with verapamil showed no toxic effects. Oral administration of verapamil to mice injected with F311 tumor cells, either pre-treated or not with verapamil, showed a significant decrease of local tumor invasion and both spontaneous and experimental metastasis development (51.3% inhibition of metastasis in both cases, p < 0.01). uPA and MMP-9 production by tumor cells in vitro was significantly inhibited by verapamil in a dose-dependent manner, showing a long-term inhibition after removal of the drug. Verapamil also exhibited a marked cytostatic effect on F311 cell proliferation in vitro. In addition, circulating MMP activity, usually enhanced in tumor-bearing mice, diminished significantly with all verapamil treatments. Our results suggest that modulation of the calcium-dependent signaling pathways that regulate tumor- or host-dependent production of proteases and tumor cell proliferation could contribute to the inhibition of metastasis development. Finally, we describe the inhibitory effects of a commonly used hypotensor in humans, verapamil, on the invasive and metastatic capacity of mammary tumor cells.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Calcium Channel Blockers / pharmacology*
  • Cell Division
  • Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
  • Endopeptidases / metabolism*
  • Lung Neoplasms / secondary
  • Male
  • Metalloendopeptidases / metabolism
  • Mice
  • Mice, Inbred BALB C
  • Neoplasm Invasiveness
  • Neoplasm Metastasis
  • Tumor Cells, Cultured
  • Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / metabolism
  • Verapamil / pharmacology*

Substances

  • Calcium Channel Blockers
  • Verapamil
  • Endopeptidases
  • Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator
  • Metalloendopeptidases