Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is produced in several female tissues and appears to be up-regulated by androgens. We have studied serum PSA concentrations in women with different forms of hyperandrogenism, focusing on the influence of changes in ovarian and adrenal function on these concentrations. Thirty-seven hirsute women were studied in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Basal and ACTH-stimulated plasma samples were obtained, and sampling was repeated 1 (gonadal stimulation) and 21 (gonadal suppression) days after receiving a single im 3.75-mg dose of triptorelin. Eleven nonhyperandrogenic women served as controls. Hirsute women had increased PSA levels compared to controls. When considering the source of the hyperandrogenism, ovarian patients (those with increased serum androgen levels that normalized during gonadal suppression) and adrenal patients (those with increased androgen levels that remained elevated during gonadal suppression) presented increased PSA values, whereas hirsute patients without hyperandrogenemia had normal PSA levels. PSA levels did not change during ovarian or adrenal stimulation or during gonadal suppression with respect to initial values. Basal PSA levels showed significant correlations with basal total testosterone (r = 0.59; P < 0.001), free androgen index (r = 0.68; P < 0.001), sex hormone-binding globulin (r = -0.58; P < 0.001), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (r = 0.39; P < 0.01), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (r = 0.32; P < 0.05), and age (r = -0.33; P < 0.05) when patients and controls were considered as a whole. In conclusion, basal PSA levels are increased in hirsute patients and correlate with the degree of hyperandrogenism when patients and controls are considered as a whole. The adrenal and the ovary do not appear to be the source of PSA, suggesting that hyperandrogenism induces PSA secretion in tissues other than the adrenal and the ovary.