A calculational method based on noninvasively derived data for the assessment of the mechanical quality of individual vertebrae is presented. Dimensional data obtained from serial, segmented CT scans were used as the geometric input for a newly developed finite element model designed to calculate stiffness and failure load of these complex bone structures. Mechanical, structural data for cancellous bone was obtained by measurements of the compressive strength and failure load of actual vertebral specimens obtained at autopsy. The stiffness and failure load calculated by the newly developed finite element model were compared with the data obtained from mechanical measurements of vertebral specimens. A high correlation between measured and calculated failure load was found (r = 0.89, p < 0.001, n = 16). The correlation between the failure load and bone mineral density (BMD) was significant (r = 0.82, p < 0.001, n = 16). A similar correlation between calculated and measured stiffness (r = 0.81, p < 0.001, n = 15) was also found using the finite element model described herein. Thus the newly developed calculation methodology has been verified and can be used to predict the failure load and stiffness of osteoporotic vertebrae using data obtained non-invasively from CT scans.