We present the development and validation of a measurement instrument intended to estimate the degree of vinculation between the theoretical and practical learning activities of medical residents in their usual working conditions in hospitals. The main reason for residents to read medical literature is to find support to their decisions when treating patients. Based on this perspective we designed a self-applied questionnaire that explores diverse circumstances in which the vinculation between theory and practice may be expressed. This instrument was validated through rounds of experts in terms of its construction and content. Its external validity was explored with two groups of internal medicine residents with a different degree of vinculation between theory and practice: one high and the other with a low vinculation. In addition, we designed a guide for the direct observation of the theoretical and practical clinical learning activities in order to estimate its concordance with the results of the questionnaire. The questionnaire was able to discriminate the group differences and showed a satisfactory concordance with the information provided by direct observation. A copy of the questionnaire is available by request to the authors. We conclude that in its present stage of development, the instrument has shown internal and external validity and may be used to explore the process training of medical residents.