The choledochochole-dochal (duct-duct, D-D) anastomosis in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is usually splinted by a T-tube to facilitate easy cholangiography, monitor bile quality and allow biliary decompression. T-tubes, however, are a focus for sepsis and sludge deposition, and their removal may result in bile leakage. From January 1993 to December 1994, 199 consecutive adult OLTs in 183 patients (median age 50 years, range 16-69 years, 118 females) with a D-D anastomosis were studied prospectively with a median follow-up of 16 (3-27) months. Of the 199 OLTs, 110 had an 8 Fr T-tube (group 1) and 89 had no T-tube (group 2). The two groups were similar for indication, preservation solution, median cold and warm ischaemia times and early graft function parameters. Biliary complications developed in 26/110 patients, including 10 with bile leaks on T-tube removal in group 1 compared to 10/89 biliary complications in group 2 (P = 0.024). The use of T-tubes is associated with increased morbidity and their routine use should be discontinued.