Standard laparoscopic surgery requires maintenance of the working cavity by continual carbon dioxide insufflation and exaggerated Trendelenburg positioning. Both cardiopulmonary and metabolic adverse effects may result from these maneuvers, which may be avoided by a gasless approach to laparoscopic surgery. We investigated a new mechanical retraction system designed to maintain exposure of either intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal contents in a gasless laparoscopic cavity and assessed its performance in both laparoscopic approaches. Gasless laparoscopic surgery was attempted using the Laprolift/Laparofan system for retroperitoneal procedures: left varicocele ligation (three cases), renal biopsy (one case), extraperitoneal pelvic lymph node dissection (one case), and intraperitoneal bilateral varicocelectomy (two cases). Renal biopsy and varicocelectomy were accomplished successfully with the gasless approach and with technical ease comparable to that of the standard insufflative laparoscopic approach. Gasless pelvic lymph node dissection and intraperitoneal varicocelectomy were converted to insufflative laparoscopic or open procedures because of inadequate exposure of the pelvic contents. This early experience with gasless laparoscopy indicates that it may best be reserved for retroperitoneal urologic procedures.