A case of polyarteritis nodosa identified by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1990 criteria in a 44-year-old HIV-infected man is described. The search for cytomegalovirus, HBV and B19 parvovirus infections was negative. In situ hybridization did not reveal proviral HIV-1 DNA in a skin sample. A zidovudine-associated vasculitis was excluded. Corticosteroid therapy resolved vasculitis manifestations and was well tolerated without opportunistic infections during the 10-month follow-up period. An indirect pathogenetic role of HIV as a possible cause of vascular damage cannot be excluded in our patient.