Five questions were raised in 1986 regarding routine immunization of children infected by the HIV: do vaccines protect these children, both in terms of immunogenicity and clinical efficacy? is immunization, particularly with live attenuated vaccines associated with an increased risk of adverse events? could the stimulation by vaccine antigens precipitate the course of paediatric HIV infection and therefore be dangerous? what are the clinical and epidemiological features of vaccine preventable diseases among HIV-infected children? what is the risk of nosocomial transmission of HIV associated with immunization practices? Based on the best available information, the WHO formulated recommendations in 1987 and updated them in 1989. These recommendations are in general agreement with those proposed during the same period in the USA and in France (table 1). This paper provides an update on the scientific knowledge in this field, focusing on routine childhood immunization in the context of HIV infection, especially in developing countries. The cases of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), measles vaccine, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and poliomyelitis vaccines are reviewed. For each of these antigens, the experience of the authors in Kigali, the capital city of Rwanda, is used as an example. A brief overview of the issue of adult immunization in the context of HIV infection concludes this review. Paediatric HIV infection should not be considered as a limiting factor in the implementation and the progression of the EPI worldwide. Experience accumulated over the last seven years, particularly in Africa, indicates that the WHO recommendations should not be modified.