This study examined whether severe emotional and physical trauma in the past affects the psychological condition of female patients currently afflicted with cancer. Using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), 41 women with cancer, who had sustained extreme trauma during the Nazi Holocaust of the midcentury, were compared with three different groups: a matched group of cancer patients without Holocaust experience, a physically healthy group of female Holocaust survivors, and healthy women without a Holocaust past. Although psychological distress was comparable in the two healthy groups, it was far higher in Holocaust cancer patients than in either their non-Holocaust counterparts or in the group of healthy Holocaust survivors. These results may suggest that the severe trauma of the Holocaust could be responsible for markedly diminished psychological response when such patients are confronted with new stress.