Dermatoscopy is a non-invasive investigative technique which makes it possible to evaluate the pigmented structures of the epidermis, the dermo-epidermal junction and the papillary dermal layer. The melanin pigmentation of the epidermal basal cell layers, the so-called pigment network is the primary target of dermatoscopy. A number of diagnostic criteria and variables for the dermatoscopy of pigmented skin lesions have been developed. Cutaneous malignant melanoma is still increasing in incidence and mortality. An early diagnosis is decisive for the prognosis. Therefore, it is urgent to develop practical investigative methods which can increase the diagnostic sensitivity. Dermatoscopy is such a method, but it demands training and experience. Lack of suspicious findings by dermatoscopy does not exclude malignancy. A safe diagnosis can only be obtained by a histological examination.