Background: Dietary consumption of fish, rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), has been shown to reduce blood pressure in both animal studies and clinical trials. Although the antihypertensive mechanisms are not known, the blood-pressure-lowering effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may be partially attributed to their vasorelaxant properties.
Methods: Aortic rings with and without endothelium, from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), 16-17 weeks old, were suspended in tissue baths and isometric tension was measured. Concentration-response curves were generated for DHA and EPA (1-100 mu mol/l) in norepinephrine-contracted rings. Blood pressure was measured using the tail-cuff method and aortic media thickness was determined.
Results: Blood pressure was significantly increased in SHR (n=10; 194 +/- 4.4 mmHg) compared with WKY (n=10; 124 +/- 1.2 mmHg, P < or = 0.0001). DHA (1-100 mu mol/l) relaxed aortic rings f rom WKY (-3.3 +/- 0.7 to -13 +/- 2.3%, P < or = 0.001) and from SHR (-6.5 +/- 1.8 to -22.9 +/- 4%, P < or = 0.01) in a concentration-dependent manner. EPA (1-100 mu mol/l) evoked greater relaxation in SHR (-10.1 +/- 2.0 to -33 +/- 3.9%, P < 0.01) than in WKY (-2.9 +/- 1.1 to -18.3 +/- 2.1%, P < 0.01) aortic rings. The relaxant effect of DHA in both WKY and SHR and of EPA in WKY were not dependent on an intact endothelium. However, EPA (1-10 mu mol/l) induced greater responses in intact SHR rings (-10.1 +/- 2.0 to -14.5 +/- 3.1%) than in de-endothelialized SHR rings (0 to -2.1 +/- 1.7%, P = 0.001).
Conclusion: The direct relaxant effects of n-3 fatty acids as seen in WKY and SHR may contribute, in part, toward the blood-pressure-lowering effect of dietary fish and fish-oil supplementation.