The authors observed for the first time a barium granuloma of the gastroesophageal junction that led to progressive dysphagia. The patient was fully cured by a radical excision of the granuloma and by esophagofundoplasty. The most probable way of development of the granuloma is thought to be by the author the retention of barium sulphate in a peptic subcardial ulcer during the X-ray examination, which did not recognize it.