Refractive shifts in astronauts during spaceflight: mechanisms, countermeasures, and future directions for in-flight measurements

Affiliations

• ¹ Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Spartanburg, SC, USA.
• ² Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
• ³ Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
• ⁴ Texas A&M School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA.
• ⁵ Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
• ⁶ Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. ew690@cam.ac.uk.
• ⁷ Human-Machine Perception Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA.
• ⁸ Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
• ⁹ Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
• ¹⁰ The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
• ¹¹ Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
• ¹² University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
• ¹³ Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.