Objective and design: Glucocorticoids (GCs) have been widely used in symptomatic patients for the treatment of COVID-19. The risk for adrenal insufficiency must be considered after GC withdrawal given that it is a life-threatening condition if left unrecognized and untreated. Our study aimed to diagnose adrenal insufficiency early on through a GC reduction schedule in patients with COVID-19 infection.
Patients and measurements: From November 2021 to May 2022, 233 patients were admitted to the Geriatric Division of the University Hospital of Padova with COVID-19 infection. A total of 122 patients were treated with dexamethasone, after which the GC tapering was performed according to a structured schedule. It consists of step-by-step GC tapering with prednisone, from 25 mg to 2.5 mg over 2 weeks. Morning serum sodium, potassium, and cortisol levels were assessed 3 days after the last dose of prednisone.
Results: At the end of GC withdrawal, no adrenal crisis or signs/symptoms of acute adrenal insufficiency were reported. Median serum cortisol, sodium, and potassium levels after GC discontinuation were, respectively, 427 nmol/L, 140 nmol/L, and 4 nmol/L (interquartile range 395-479, 138-142, and 3.7-4.3). A morning serum cortisol level below the selected threshold of 270 nmol/L was observed in two asymptomatic cases (respectively, 173 and 239 nmol/L, reference range 138-690 nmol/L). Mild hyponatremia (serum sodium 132 to 134 nmol/L, reference range 135-145 nmol/L) was detected in five patients, without being related to cortisol levels.
Conclusions: A structured schedule for the tapering of GC treatment used in patients with severe COVID-19 can reduce the risk of adrenal crisis and acute adrenal insufficiency.
Keywords: Adrenal insufficiency; COVID-19; Glucocorticoid therapy.
© 2024. The Author(s).