Incorporating the measurement of social determinants of health (SDOH) into health care practice and US health policy reforms is a promising approach to improving population health nationwide. One way health care practitioners have started to incorporate consideration of SDOH in clinical care is by using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10), Z-codes, a set of diagnosis codes spanning a range of social and economic circumstances. Our study summarizes Z-codes used by code type, setting, and patient demographics between Medicaid and commercial insurance to help identify strategies to optimize their use within each program and understand their differences. Overall, Z-code use was highly limited nationwide in Medicaid and commercial insurance between 2020 and 2021. Still, we found notable differences in the use of Z-codes between the programs; Medicaid beneficiaries were more likely to receive Z-codes related to financial and economic issues, while commercially insured beneficiaries were more likely to receive Z-codes indicating problems with social and familial relationships. Policy efforts focused on increasing the rate and ease of patient SDOH screening will potentially expand SDOH measurement and facilitate actions to address patient social needs.
Keywords: Medicaid; Z-codes; commercial insurance; social determinants of health.
© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Project HOPE - The People-To-People Health Foundation, Inc.