Iron-based materials functionalized with carbon and phosphorus recovered from sludge enhanced the formation of stable minerals to passivate lead and chromium in wastewater and soil

Abstract

The bioaccumulation and toxicity of heavy metals are serious threats to human activities and ecological health. The exploitation of environmentally friendly passivated materials is major importance for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil. This research developed a new type of environmental functional material with a core-shell structure, which is an iron-based material functionalized with phosphorus and carbon from sludge for heavy metal pollution remediation. The results indicated that the C/P@Fe exhibits excellent heavy metal removal ability, and the maximum removal rates of the two heavy metals in simulated wastewater could reach 100% under optimum reaction conditions. It also effectively converts the labile Cr/Pb into the stable fraction after 28 days of incubation, which increased the maximum residual fraction percentage of Cr and Pb by 32.43% and 160% in soil. Further analysis found that the carbon layer wrapped around the iron base could improve the electron transport efficiency of reducing iron, phosphorus and ferrum could react with heavy metal ions to form stable minerals, such as FeCr₂O₄, FeO·Cr₂O₃, Pb₅(PO₄)₃OH, PbCO₃, 2PbCO₃·Pb(OH)₂ and PbS, after reacting with C/P@Fe. The study demonstrated that the Iron-based materials functionalized with carbon and phosphorus from sludge provided a more efficient way to remove heavy metals.

Keywords: C/P@Fe; Chromium and lead; Iron-based materials; Passivation; Sludge.