Accurate simulation of different cell type interactions is crucial for physiological and precisein vitrodrug testing. Human tissue-resident macrophages are critical for modulating disease conditions and drug-induced injuries in various tissues; however, their limited availability has hindered their use inin vitromodeling. Therefore, this study aimed to create macrophage-containing organoid co-culture models by directly incorporating human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived pre-macrophages into organoid and scaffold cell models. The fully differentiated cells in these organoids exhibited functional characteristics of tissue-resident macrophages with enriched pan-macrophage markers and the potential for M1/M2 subtype specialization upon cytokine stimulation. In a hepatic organoid model, the integrated macrophages replicated typical intrinsic properties, including cytokine release, polarization, and phagocytosis, and the co-culture model was more responsive to drug-induced liver injury than a macrophage-free model. Furthermore, alveolar organoid models containing these hiPSC-derived macrophages also showed increased drug and chemical sensitivity to pulmonary toxicants. Moreover, 3D adipocyte scaffold models incorporating macrophages effectively simulated in vivo insulin resistance observed in adipose tissue and showed improved insulin sensitivity on exposure to anti-diabetic drugs. Overall, the findings demonstrated that incorporating hiPSC-derived macrophages into organoid culture models resulted in more physiological and sensitivein vitrodrug evaluation and screening systems.
Keywords: drug testing; hiPSC-derived macrophage; macrophage incorporating 3D model; organoid; tissue-resident macrophage.
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