Roadmap on nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging

Raffi Budakian; Amit Finkler; Alexander Eichler; Martino Poggio; Christian L Degen; Sahand Tabatabaei; Inhee Lee; P Chris Hammel; Eugene Polzik; Tim H Taminiau; Ronald L Walsworth; Paz London; Ania Bleszynski Jayich; Ashok Ajoy; Arjun Pillai; Jörg Wrachtrup; Fedor Jelezko; Yujeong Bae; Andreas J Heinrich; Christian R Ast; Patrice Bertet; Paola Cappellaro; Cristian Bonato; Yoann Altmann; Erik Manuel Gauger

doi:10.1088/1361-6528/ad4b23

Roadmap on nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging

Nanotechnology. 2024 May 14. doi: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad4b23. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Raffi Budakian¹, Amit Finkler², Alexander Eichler³, Martino Poggio⁴, Christian L Degen⁵, Sahand Tabatabaei⁶, Inhee Lee⁷, P Chris Hammel⁸, Eugene Polzik⁹, Tim H Taminiau¹⁰, Ronald L Walsworth¹¹, Paz London¹², Ania Bleszynski Jayich¹³, Ashok Ajoy¹⁴, Arjun Pillai¹⁵, Jörg Wrachtrup¹⁶, Fedor Jelezko¹⁷, Yujeong Bae¹⁸, Andreas J Heinrich¹⁹, Christian R Ast²⁰, Patrice Bertet²¹, Paola Cappellaro²², Cristian Bonato²³, Yoann Altmann²⁴, Erik Manuel Gauger²⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, RAC 1114, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, CANADA.
² Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Perlman Building, Room 203A, Rehovot, 7610001, ISRAEL.
³ ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern Weg 1, Zurich, 8092, SWITZERLAND.
⁴ Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, 4001, SWITZERLAND.
⁵ Department of Physics, Eidgenossiche Technische Hochschule - Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Zurich, 8093, SWITZERLAND.
⁶ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, RAC 2107, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, CANADA.
⁷ Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, 191 West Woodruff Ave, Columbus, 43210-1132, UNITED STATES.
⁸ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 191 West Woodruff Ave, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, CANADA.
⁹ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, 2100, DENMARK.
¹⁰ Delft University of Technology, Room F033A, Delft, MD, 2600 AA, NETHERLANDS.
¹¹ Quantum Science Center, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland, UNITED STATES.
¹² University of California Santa Barbara Department of Physics, Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106-9530, UNITED STATES.
¹³ University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, UNITED STATES.
¹⁴ E O Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720-8099, UNITED STATES.
¹⁵ University of California Berkeley Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460, UNITED STATES.
¹⁶ University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 70174, GERMANY.
¹⁷ Institut fur Quantenoptik, Universitaet Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, GERMANY.
¹⁸ Institute for Basic Science Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Seodaemun-gu, 03760, Korea (the Republic of).
¹⁹ Institute for Basic Science Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Korea (the Republic of).
²⁰ Max-Planck-Institut fuer Festkoerperforschung, D-70506 Stuttgart, GERMANY.
²¹ Service de Physique de l'Etat Condense (SPEC), CEA - Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, Gif-sur-Yvette, FRANCE.
²² Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA 02139, USA, Cambridge, Massachusetts, UNITED STATES.
²³ Heriot-Watt University School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND.
²⁴ Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND.
²⁵ Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND.

PMID: 38744268
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad4b23

Abstract

The field of nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging (NanoMRI) was started 30 years ago. It was motivated by the desire to image single molecules and molecular assemblies, such as proteins and virus particles, with near-atomic spatial resolution and on a length scale of 100 nm. Over the years, the NanoMRI field has also expanded to include the goal of useful high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of molecules under ambient conditions, including samples up to the micron-scale. The realization of these goals requires the development of spin detection techniques that are many orders of magnitude more sensitive than conventional NMR and MRI, capable of detecting and controlling nanoscale ensembles of spins. Over the years, a number of different technical approaches to NanoMRI have emerged, each possessing a distinct set of capabilities for basic and applied areas of science. The goal of this roadmap article is to report the current state of the art in NanoMRI technologies, outline the areas where they are poised to have impact, identify the challenges that lie ahead, and propose methods to meet these challenges. This roadmap also shows how developments in NanoMRI techniques can lead to breakthroughs in emerging quantum science and technology applications.&#xD.

Keywords: Magnetic; Nanoscale; Quantum; Spin; microscopy; resonances.

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