Distal femur fractures present a substantial orthopedic challenge, necessitating a comprehensive exploration spanning epidemiology, anatomy, classification, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. This review thoroughly analyzes the multifaceted aspects surrounding distal femur fractures. It delves into the definition and epidemiology, shedding light on the incidence, age distribution, and associated risk factors. An exhaustive examination of the distal femur's anatomy, encompassing ligaments and tendons, establishes the groundwork for understanding fracture patterns and subsequent classification according to the AO Foundation/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) system. Diagnostic considerations encompass physical examination and various imaging modalities, emphasizing the critical importance of prompt and accurate assessment. The extensive discussion on treatment options ranges from non-surgical management, including casting and traction, to surgical interventions, such as open reduction and internal fixation, intramedullary nailing, and external fixation. The implications for clinical practice underscore the necessity for tailored approaches based on fracture characteristics to optimize patient outcomes. However, this review also emphasizes areas necessitating further investigation, including exploring predictive biomarkers, advanced surgical techniques, and innovative rehabilitation protocols. Insights from long-term outcomes and quality-of-life assessments in diverse populations offer promising avenues for enhancing the comprehensive management of distal femur fractures. Continuous research in these areas can refine treatment strategies and elevate the standard of care for individuals grappling with this intricate orthopedic condition.
Keywords: anatomy; classification; clinical implications; distal femur fractures; epidemiology; treatment strategies.
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