Short-term cutaneous vasodilatory and thermosensory effects of topical methyl salicylate

Ninja Versteeg; Vanessa Wellauer; Selina Wittenwiler; Dirk Aerenhouts; Peter Clarys; Ron Clijsen

doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1347196

Short-term cutaneous vasodilatory and thermosensory effects of topical methyl salicylate

Front Physiol. 2024 Apr 19:15:1347196. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1347196. eCollection 2024.

Authors

Ninja Versteeg¹, Vanessa Wellauer¹, Selina Wittenwiler¹, Dirk Aerenhouts², Peter Clarys², Ron Clijsen^{1

2

3

4}

Affiliations

¹ Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RESlab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland.
² Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
³ International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland.
⁴ Department of Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Berne, Switzerland.

Abstract

Introduction: Methyl salicylate, the main compound of wintergreen oil, is widely used in topical applications. However, its vascular and thermosensory effects are not fully understood. The primary aim was to investigate the effects of topical methyl salicylate on skin temperature (T_skin), skin microcirculation (MC_skin) and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO₂) compared to a placebo gel. The secondary aim was to assess thermosensory responses (thermal sensation, thermal comfort) and to explore to which extent these sensations correspond to the physiological responses over time.

Methods: 21 healthy women (22.2 ± 2.9 years) participated in this single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Custom-made natural wintergreen oil (12.9%), containing methyl salicylate (>99%) and a placebo gel, 1 g each, were applied simultaneously to two paravertebral skin areas (5 cm × 10 cm, Th4-Th7). T_skin (infrared thermal imaging), MC_skin (laser speckle contrast imaging) and SmO₂ (deep tissue oxygenation monitoring) and thermosensation (Likert scales) were assessed at baseline (BL) and at 5-min intervals during a 45 min post-application period (T0-T45).

Results: Both gels caused an initial decrease in T_skin, with T_skin(min) at T5 for both methyl salicylate (BL-T5: Δ-3.36°C) and placebo (BL-T5: Δ-3.90°C), followed by a gradual increase (p < .001). Methyl salicylate gel resulted in significantly higher T_skin than placebo between T5 and T40 (p < .05). For methyl salicylate, MC_skin increased, with MC_skin(max) at T5 (BL-T5: Δ88.7%). For placebo, MC_skin decreased (BL-T5: Δ-17.5%), with significantly lower values compared to methyl salicylate between T0 and T45 (p < .05). Both gels had minimal effects on SmO₂, with no significant differences between methyl salicylate and placebo (p > .05). Thermal sensation responses to topical methyl salicylate ranged from "cool" to "hot", with more intense sensations reported at T5.

Discussion: The findings indicate that topical methyl salicylate induces short-term cutaneous vasodilation, but it may not enhance skeletal muscle blood flow. This study highlights the complex sensory responses to its application, which may be based on the short-term modulation of thermosensitive transient receptor potential channels.

Keywords: blood flow; counterirritation; muscle oxygen saturation; skin microcirculation; skin temperature; thermal sensation; vascular physiology; wintergreen oil.

Grants and funding

The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This research was financially supported by the Thim van der Laan Foundation.