Risk of Sleep Problems in Middle-Aged and Older Adults Experiencing Bodily Pains: Serial Multiple Mediation Estimates of Emotional Distress and Activity Limitations

Razak M Gyasi; Emelia Aikins; Gift Dumedah; Nelson Gyasi-Boadu; Prince Boakye Frimpong; Mary Sefa Boampong; Daniel Buor; Simon Mariwah; Francis Naab; David R Phillips

doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2024.04.011

Risk of Sleep Problems in Middle-Aged and Older Adults Experiencing Bodily Pains: Serial Multiple Mediation Estimates of Emotional Distress and Activity Limitations

Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2024 Apr 20:S1064-7481(24)00318-X. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2024.04.011. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya; National Centre for Naturopathic Medicine (NCNM), Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia. Electronic address: RGyasi.Research@gmail.com.
² Department of Geography and Rural Development, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
³ Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
⁴ Department of Economics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
⁵ Department of Geography and Regional Planning, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
⁶ Perivoli Africa Research Centre (PARC), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
⁷ Department of Sociology and Social Policy, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

PMID: 38702252
DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2024.04.011

Abstract

Objectives: Pain is increasingly becoming common among middle-aged and older adults. While research on the association between pain characteristics and sleep problems (SP) is limited in low- and middle-income countries, the underlying mechanisms of the association are poorly understood. This study examines the association of bodily pain intensity and pain interference with SP and investigates the mediating role of activity limitation and emotional distress in this association.

Methods: We analyzed population-based data, including 1,201 individuals aged ≥50 (mean [SD] age 66.14 [11.85] years) from the 2016-2018 AgeHeaPsyWel-HeaSeeB study in Ghana. Multiple OLS regressions and serial multiple mediation modeling using bootstrapping analyses examined direct and indirect effects from pain to SP through activity limitation and emotional distress.

Results: Regressions demonstrated that pain intensity and interference were significantly associated with higher levels of activity limitation, emotional distress, and SP (range: β = 0.049-0.658). Bootstrapping analysis showed that activity limitation and emotional distress serially mediated the relationship between pain intensity and SP (total effect: β = 0.264, Bootstrap 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.165-0.362; direct effect: (β = 0.107, Bootstrap 95% CI = 0.005-0.210; total indirect effect: β = 0.156, Bootstrap 95% CI = 0.005-0.210) accounting for ∼59%. Activity limitation and emotional distress mediated pain interference and SP association (total effect: β = 0.404, Bootstrap 95% CI = 0.318-0.490; direct effect: β = 0.292, Bootstrap 95% CI = 0.201-0.384; and total indirect effect: β = 0.112, Bootstrap 95% CI = 0.069-0.156) yielding ∼28%.

Conclusion: Our data suggest that activity limitation and emotional distress may convey stress-related risks of pain on SP. Future research should evaluate if activity limitation and emotional distress could be effective targets to reduce the effect of pain on sleep in later-life.

Keywords: Pain interference; emotional distress; middle-aged and older adults; pain intensity; sleep health; sub-Saharan Africa.