Objective: Maternal thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid function in early pregnancy may impact fetal neurodevelopment. We aimed to investigate how thyroid autoimmunity and thyroid function in early pregnancy were associated with language acquisition in offspring at 12-36 months of age.
Methods: This study was embedded in the prospective Odense child cohort. Mother-child dyads were excluded in case of maternal intake of thyroid medication during pregnancy. The parents completed MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MB-CDI) every third month to assess their offspring's productive vocabulary. All completed reports for each child were included in the analyses. Logistic growth curve models evaluated associations between MB-CDI scores and levels of maternal thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyrotropin, respectively, measured in early pregnancy (median gestational week 12). All models were stratified by offspring sex and adjusted for maternal age, education, pre-pregnancy body mass index, parity, breastfeeding, and offspring age.
Results: The study included 735 mother-child dyads. Children born to mothers with TPOAb ≥11 kIU/L, opposed to TPOAb <11 kIU/L, had a lower probability of producing words at age 18-36 months for girls (OR = 0.78, P < 0.001) and 33-36 months for boys (OR = 0.83, P < 0.001). The probability of producing words was higher in girls at 30-36 months of age with low-normal maternal FT4 vs high-normal FT4 (OR = 0.60, P < 0.001), and a similar trend was seen in boys. Results were ambiguous for thyrotropin.
Conclusion: In women without known thyroid disease, TPOAb positivity in early pregnancy was negatively associated with productive vocabulary acquisition in girls and boys. This association was not mediated by a decreased thyroid function, as low-normal maternal FT4, unexpectedly, indicated better vocabulary acquisition. Our results support that maternal thyroid autoimmunity per se may affect fetal neurodevelopment.
Keywords: MacArthur–Bates communicative development inventories; Odense child cohort; language acquisition; thyroid; thyroid autoimmunity.