Rhinitis Phenotypes Based on Multimorbidities

Abstract

Chronic allergic and nonallergic rhinitis are common phenotypes of a highly prevalent disorder of the upper airways, often associated with asthma.¹ Clinical data, epidemiologic studies, and mHealth-based and genomic approaches indicate the existence of 2 distinct diseases: rhinitis alone and rhinitis + asthma, which may be allergic or less often nonallergic. Both disease phenotypes need to be further characterized, because allergic conjunctivitis, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis, often present in patients with allergic rhinitis, may be considered as independent multimorbidities. Thus, the concept "multimorbid allergic disease" is more appropriate than "one-airway-one-disease." In a meta-analysis, atopic dermatitis was strongly associated with allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, but not with rhinitis and asthma.² Asthma alone may also be associated with non-type 2 mechanisms.³ The distinction between rhinitis alone and rhinitis and asthma was found in all the 12 countries studied using an mHealth app (MASK-air) in Europe and Latin America. These data indicate that the distinction between the 2 diseases is independent of allergen exposure.⁴.

Keywords: Allergy; Asthma; Management; Multimorbidity; Phenotype; Rhinitis.