Comprehensive analysis of prohibited substances and methods in sports: Unveiling trends, pharmacokinetics, and WADA evolution

Patrik Oleksak; Eugenie Nepovimova; Marian Valko; Saleh Alwasel; Suliman Alomar; Kamil Kuca

doi:10.1016/j.etap.2024.104447

Comprehensive analysis of prohibited substances and methods in sports: Unveiling trends, pharmacokinetics, and WADA evolution

Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2024 Apr 16:108:104447. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104447. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Patrik Oleksak¹, Eugenie Nepovimova¹, Marian Valko², Saleh Alwasel³, Suliman Alomar⁴, Kamil Kuca⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic.
² Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava 812 37, Slovakia; Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
³ Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
⁴ Doping Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: syalomar@ksu.edu.sa.
⁵ Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 500 03, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain. Electronic address: kamil.kuca@uhk.cz.

PMID: 38636744
DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104447

Abstract

This review systematically compiles sports-related drugs, substances, and methodologies based on the most frequently detected findings from prohibited lists published annually by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) between 2003 and 2021. Aligned with structure of the 2023 prohibited list, it covers all proscribed items and details the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of five representatives from each section. Notably, it explores significant metabolites and metabolic pathways associated with these substances. Adverse analytical findings are summarized in tables for clarity, and the prevalence is visually represented through charts. The review includes a concise historical overview of doping and WADA's role, examining modifications in the prohibited list for an understanding of evolving anti-doping measures.

Keywords: Anti-doping drugs; Prohibited methods; Prohibited substances; Sport; World anti-doping agency.

Publication types

Review