Purpose: To enable a real-time applicator guidance for brachytherapy, we used for the first time infra-red tracking cameras (OptiTrack, USA) integrated into a mobile cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanner (medPhoton, Austria). We provide the first description of this prototype and its performance evaluation.
Methods: We performed assessments of camera calibration and camera-CBCT registration using a geometric calibration phantom. For this purpose, we first evaluated the effects of intrinsic parameters such as camera temperature or gantry rotations on the tracked marker positions. Afterward, calibrations with various settings (sample number, field of view coverage, calibration directions, calibration distances, and lighting conditions) were performed to identify the requirements for achieving maximum tracking accuracy based on an in-house phantom. The corresponding effects on camera-CBCT registration were determined as well by comparing tracked marker positions to the positions determined via CBCT. Long-term stability was assessed by comparing tracking and a ground-truth on a weekly basis for 6 weeks.
Results: Robust tracking with positional drifts of 0.02 ± 0.01 mm was feasible using the system after a warm-up period of 90 min. However, gantry rotations affected the tracking and led to inaccuracies of up to 0.70 mm. We identified that 4000 samples and full coverage were required to ensure a robust determination of marker positions and camera-CBCT registration with geometric deviations of 0.18 ± 0.03 mm and 0.42 ± 0.07 mm, respectively. Long-term stability showed deviations of more than two standard deviations from the initial calibration after 3 weeks.
Conclusion: We implemented for the first time a standalone combined camera-CBCT system for tracking in brachytherapy. The system showed high potential for establishing corresponding workflows.
Keywords: brachytherapy; combined camera‐CT system; infra‐red applicator tracking; system characterization.
© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association of Physicists in Medicine.