Deorphanization of G Protein Coupled Receptors: A Historical Perspective

Abstract

Counting over 800 members, G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) form the largest family of membrane receptors encoded in the human genome. Since the discovery of G proteins and GPCRs in the late 1970s and early 1980s, a significant portion of the GPCR research has been focused on identifying ligand/receptor pairs in parallel to studies related to their signaling properties. Despite significant advancements, about a fourth of the ∼400 nonodorant GPCRs are still considered orphan because their natural or endogenous ligands have yet to be identified. We should consider that every GPCR was once an orphan and that endogenous ligands have often been associated with biologic effects without a complete understanding of the molecular identity of their target receptors. Within this framework, this review offers a historical perspective on deorphanization processes for representative GPCRs, including the ghrelin receptor, γ aminobutyric acid B receptor, apelin receptor, cannabinoid receptors, and GPR15. It explores three main scenarios encountered in deorphanization efforts and discusses key questions and methodologies employed in elucidating ligand-receptor interactions, providing insights for future research endeavors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Understanding how scientists have historically approached the issue of GPCR deorphanization and pairing of biologically active ligands with their cognate receptors are relevant topics in pharmacology. In fact, the biology of each GPCR, including its pathophysiological involvement, has often been uncovered only after its deorphanization, illuminating druggable targets for various diseases. Furthermore, uncovered endogenous ligands have therapeutic value as many ligands-or derivates thereof-are developed into drugs.