Evaluation of irrigation, drinking, and risk indices for water quality parameters of alpine lakes

Rizwan Ullah; Said Muhammad; Wajid Ali; Sehrish Amin; Sardar Khan; Atta Rasool; Abd El-Latif Hesham; Muhammad Umar; Shaukat Ali; Shahid Iqbal; Ashfaq Ahmad

doi:10.1007/s10653-024-01950-3

Evaluation of irrigation, drinking, and risk indices for water quality parameters of alpine lakes

Environ Geochem Health. 2024 Apr 15;46(5):175. doi: 10.1007/s10653-024-01950-3.

Authors

Rizwan Ullah^{1

2}, Said Muhammad³, Wajid Ali¹, Sehrish Amin⁴, Sardar Khan⁴, Atta Rasool⁵, Abd El-Latif Hesham⁶, Muhammad Umar⁷, Shaukat Ali⁸, Shahid Iqbal⁹, Ashfaq Ahmad¹⁰

Affiliations

¹ National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan.
² Department of River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Brückstra.3a, 39114, Magdeburg, Germany.
³ National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan. saidmuhammad1@gmail.com.
⁴ Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
⁵ Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia.
⁶ Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
⁷ Department of Geology Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur, 21120, Pakistan.
⁸ Department of Environmental Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, 15100, Pakistan.
⁹ Centre for Planning and Disaster Management, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
¹⁰ Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box, 2455, Riyadh - 11451, Saudi Arabia.

PMID: 38619636
DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01950-3

Abstract

Alpine lakes are aquatic ecosystems that maintain and regulate water supply for the downstream streams, rivers, and other reservoirs. This study examined the water characteristics of various alpine lakes in Gilgit-Baltistan, Northern Pakistan. For this purpose, water was sampled and investigated for basic parameters, anions, and cations using the multi-parameter analyzers and atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Physicochemical parameters of alpine lakes were noted under the World Health Organization water guidelines, except for fluoride (F^-) and turbidity in 4.3% and 36% of samples, respectively. Water quality index (WQI) classified samples (93%) as excellent and good quality (7%). Results showed maximum chronic daily intake values (0.14 ± 0.01 mg/kg-day) for nitrate (NO₃^-) and hazard quotient (0.80 ± 0.24) for F^- in children via water intake from Upper Kachura and Shausar Lakes, respectively. Statistical analyses of Piper and Gibbs's plots revealed that the water quality is mainly characterized by bedrock geology.

Keywords: Chronic daily intake; Hazard quotient; Irrigation indices; Statistical analyses; Water quality index.

MeSH terms

Child
Ecosystem*
Fluorides
Humans
Lakes
Water Quality*
Water Supply

Substances

Fluorides

Abstract

MeSH terms

Substances

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