Effect of the Built Environment on the Cumulative Incidence of Acute Diarrheal Diseases: A Community-Based Cohort Study From Underprivileged Areas of Bhopal, India

Yogesh Sabde; Uday K Mandal; Vikas Yadav; Tanwi Trushna; Rajnarayan R Tiwari

doi:10.7759/cureus.55942

Effect of the Built Environment on the Cumulative Incidence of Acute Diarrheal Diseases: A Community-Based Cohort Study From Underprivileged Areas of Bhopal, India

Cureus. 2024 Mar 11;16(3):e55942. doi: 10.7759/cureus.55942. eCollection 2024 Mar.

Authors

Yogesh Sabde¹, Uday K Mandal¹, Vikas Yadav¹, Tanwi Trushna¹, Rajnarayan R Tiwari²

Affiliations

¹ Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, IND.
² Epidemiology and Public Health, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, IND.

Abstract

Background Diarrhea is a major public health problem in under-five children worldwide. Various sociodemographic, environmental, and behavioral factors play a role in the occurrence of diarrheal disease in children under the age of five. This study aims to estimate the cumulative incidence of acute diarrheal diseases during a one-year study period and examine its association with the built environment factors among children under the age of five in selected underprivileged areas of Bhopal. Methodology We conducted this study in Bhopal, a city in central India. We surveyed the underprivileged dwellers of Vajpayee Nagar, Sanjay Nagar, and Mother India Colony of Bhopal city. This is a prospective cohort study with a one-year follow-up period to examine the cumulative incidence of acute diarrheal diseases among under-five-year-old children in the study area. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results Data were collected from February 2021 to February 2022. A total of 658 families of eligible children were contacted to participate in the study. After excluding 38 participants for various reasons (denied consent: 3; lost to follow-up: 32; moved out of the study area: 3), data were finally analyzed for 620 participants. In the study among the under-five-year-old children, the cumulative incidence of acute diarrheal diseases was 23.8% (148 out of 620). In our study, lower age (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.75-0.99, p = 0.041) and non-availability of flush latrine in the house (adjusted OR = 4.95, 95% CI = 1.80-13.59, p = 0.002) were statistically associated with a higher incidence of acute diarrheal disease among the study population. Conclusions In our investigation, we observed a cumulative incidence of diarrhea at 23.8% (148 out of 620) among the underprivileged under-five population residing in Bhopal, India. This incidence exhibited significant associations with younger age and the absence of in-house flush latrines.

Keywords: built environment; children; diarrhea; india; infections.

Grants and funding

This study was funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India (extramural funding sanction letter No. 5/8-4/9/Env/2020-NCD-II dated September 21, 2021). However, the funder had no role in designing the study, decision to publish, or manuscript preparation.