Evaluation of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) outflows during the destruction of HBCD wastes in a hazardous waste incinerator

Oltan Canli; Barış Güzel; Elmas Öktem Olgun; Kartal Çetintürk; İsmail Uludağ; Bertan Görhan; Şahan Dede; Şerife Erçel; Aykan Karademir

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172317

Evaluation of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) outflows during the destruction of HBCD wastes in a hazardous waste incinerator

Sci Total Environ. 2024 Jun 1:927:172317. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172317. Epub 2024 Apr 7.

Authors

Oltan Canli¹, Barış Güzel², Elmas Öktem Olgun³, Kartal Çetintürk⁴, İsmail Uludağ⁵, Bertan Görhan⁵, Şahan Dede⁵, Şerife Erçel⁶, Aykan Karademir⁷

Affiliations

¹ Water Management and Treatment Technologies Research Group, Climate Change and Sustainability Vice Presidency, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey. Electronic address: oltan.canli@tubitak.gov.tr.
² Water Management and Treatment Technologies Research Group, Climate Change and Sustainability Vice Presidency, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey. Electronic address: guzelbaris08@gmail.com.
³ Water Management and Treatment Technologies Research Group, Climate Change and Sustainability Vice Presidency, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
⁴ Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Science and Management, 34134 Vefa, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: kartal.cetinturk@gmail.com.
⁵ IZAYDAS Izmit Waste and Residue Treatment, Incineration and Recycling Co. Inc., Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality, 41310 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey.
⁶ Erçel Engineering Environmental Technologies Industry Co. Inc., 41100 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey.
⁷ Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kocaeli, 41100 Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey.

PMID: 38588749
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172317

Abstract

This paper presents an evaluation of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PBDD/Fs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) outflows during the destruction of HBCD waste stockpiles in IZAYDAS Hazardous Waste Incinerator (HWI) in Kocaeli, Türkiye. HBCD wastes containing 100 % pure HBCD were in 25 kg packages with 63 % Br content were co-incinerated in a 3-day test burn with average feed rate of 26 kg/h. HBCD, PBDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs were measured in the outlet streams to quantify the amount of unintended POPs releases associated with the processing of HBCD waste and to observe the POP removal performance of air pollution control equipment (APCE) of the incinerator. Total mass outflow rate of HBCDs is calculated as 2.6 g/day, corresponding to destruction efficiency of 99.9996 %. Total toxicity of the brominated dioxins was measured as 0.00044 ng TEQ/Nm³ on average, while highly brominated congeners are dominant. PCDD/F concentrations in the outflow streams during HBCD test burns are produced similar congener distributions with those given in the previous studies, with the dominance of 7,8-chlorinated congeners. Mass flows in the outlet streams indicated that the efficiency of ESP and wet scrubbers for the removal of PCDD/Fs and HBCDs. Flue gas concentrations of PCDD/Fs, HBCDs and PBDD/Fs obtained in HBCD burn test indicated that burning HBCD wastes cause no significant emissions as operational parameters and total halogen content in the menu are kept within the incinerator limits.

Keywords: Active carbon; Ash; Flue gas; HBCD waste; PBDD/Fs; PCDD/Fs.