Advanced efficient energy management strategy based on state machine control for multi-sources PV-PEMFC-batteries system

Badreddine Kanouni; Abd Essalam Badoud; Saad Mekhilef; Mohit Bajaj; Ievgen Zaitsev

doi:10.1038/s41598-024-58785-2

Advanced efficient energy management strategy based on state machine control for multi-sources PV-PEMFC-batteries system

Sci Rep. 2024 Apr 5;14(1):7996. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-58785-2.

Authors

Badreddine Kanouni¹, Abd Essalam Badoud², Saad Mekhilef³, Mohit Bajaj^{4

5

6

7}, Ievgen Zaitsev⁸

Affiliations

¹ Automatic Laboratory of Setif, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Setif 1, Setif, Algeria.
² Automatic Laboratory of Setif, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Setif 1, Setif, Algeria. badoudabde@univ-setif.dz.
³ School of Software and Electrical Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.
⁴ Department of Electrical Engineering, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, 248002, India. thebestbajaj@gmail.com.
⁵ Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan. thebestbajaj@gmail.com.
⁶ Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, 248002, India. thebestbajaj@gmail.com.
⁷ Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, 11937, Jordan. thebestbajaj@gmail.com.
⁸ Department of Theoretical Electrical Engineering and Diagnostics of Electrical Equipment, Institute of Electrodynamics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Peremogy, 56, Kyiv-57, 03680, Ukraine. zaitsev@i.ua.

Abstract

This article offers a PV-PEMFC-batteries energy management strategy (EMS) that aims to meet the following goals: keep the DC link steady at the standard value, increase battery lifespan, and meet power demand. The suggested multi-source renewable system (MSRS) is made to meet load demand while using extra power to fill batteries. The major energy source for the MSRS is photovoltaic, and fuzzy logic MPPT is used to guarantee that the PV operates at optimal efficiency under a variety of irradiation conditions. The suggested state machine control consists of 15 steps. It prioritizes the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as a secondary source for charging the battery when power is abundant and the state of charge (SOC) is low. The MSRS is made feasible by meticulously coordinating control and power management. The MSRS is made achievable by carefully orchestrated control and electricity management. The efficacy of the proposed system was evaluated under different solar irradiance and load conditions. The study demonstrates that implementing the SMC led to an average improvement of 2.3% in the overall efficiency of the system when compared to conventional control techniques. The maximum efficiency was observed when the system was operating under high load conditions, specifically when the state of charge (SOC) was greater than the maximum state of charge (SOCmax). The average efficiency achieved under these conditions was 97.2%. In addition, the MSRS successfully maintained power supply to the load for long durations, achieving an average sustained power of 96.5% over a period of 7.5 s. The validity of the modeling and management techniques mentioned in this study are confirmed by simulation results utilizing the MATLAB/Simulink (version: 2016, link: https://in.mathworks.com/products/simulink.html ) software tools. These findings show that the proposed SMC is effective at managing energy resources in MSRS, resulting in improved system efficiency and reliability.

Keywords: Energy efficiency; Load optimization; Multi-source renewable system (MSRS); Photovoltaic cells (PV); Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC); Renewable energy management; State machine control (SMC).