Childhood adversity in a youth psychiatric population: prevalence and associated mental health problems

Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2024;15(1):2330880. doi: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2330880. Epub 2024 Mar 26.

Abstract

Background: Childhood adversity can have lasting negative effects on physical and mental health. This study contributes to the existing literature by describing the prevalence rates and mental health outcomes related to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among adolescents registered for mental health care.Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional study were youths (aged 12-18 years) who were referred to outpatient psychiatric departments in the Netherlands. Demographic information was collected from the medical records. The Child Trauma Screening Questionnaire (CTSQ) was used to examine the presence of ACEs and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). To assess mental health problems, we used the Dutch translation of the Youth Self Report. Descriptive statistics and frequencies were used to calculate prevalence rates across the various ACEs domains. ANOVA and chi-square tests were used to explore the relationship between ACEs and mental health.Results: Of the 1373 participants, 69.1% reported having experienced at least one ACE and 17.1% indicated exposure to four or more ACEs in their lives. Although there was substantial overlap among all ACE categories, the most frequently reported were bullying (49.2%), emotional abuse (17.8%), physical abuse (12.2%), and sexual abuse (10.1%). Female adolescents (72.7%) reported significantly more ACEs than their male counterparts (27.0%). Furthermore, a higher number of ACEs was associated with significantly more self-reported general mental health problems, an elevated prevalence of both mood and post-traumatic stress disorders, and a greater presence of two or more co-existing psychiatric diagnoses (comorbid psychiatric classification).Conclusions: This cross-sectional study on childhood adversity and its association with mental health showed that ACEs are highly prevalent in youth registered for mental health care. This study provides support for a graded and cumulative relationship between childhood adversity and mental health problems.

Antecedentes: La adversidad infantil puede tener efectos negativos a largo plazo en la salud física y mental. Este estudio contribuye a la literatura existente mediante la descripción de las las tasas de prevalencia y los resultados de salud mental asociadas a experiencias infantiles adversas (ACEs por sus siglas en inglés) entre adolescentes registrados por atención en salud mental.

Método: Los participantes de este estudio transversal fueron jóvenes (Edad 12–18 años), que fueron remitidos a departamentos psiquiátricos ambulatorios de los Países Bajos. La información demográfica fue recolectada desde su historial médico. El Cuestionario de Detección de Trauma Infantil (CTSQ por sus siglas en inglés) fue utilizado para evaluar la presencia de ACEs y de síntomas de estrés postraumático (PTSS, por sus siglas en inglés). Para evaluar los problemas de salud mental, utilizamos la traducción holandesa del Youth Self Report. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas y de frecuencias para calcular las tasas de prevalencia entre los distintos dominios de ACEs. Se utilizaron test de ANOVA y Chi-cuadrado para explorar la relación entre ACEs y la salud mental.

Resultados: De los 1.373 pacientes, 69,1% reportaron haber experimentado al menos una ACEs y un 17,1% señaló haber estado expuesto a cuatro o más ACEs en sus vidas. Aunque existió una sustancial sobreposición entre las categorías de ACEs, aquellas reportadas con mayor frecuencia fueron el bullying (49.2%), abuso emocional (17.8%), abuso físico (12.2%), y abuso sexual (10.1%). Las Adolescentes mujeres (72.7%) reportaron significativamente más ACEs que sus contrapartes masculinas (27.0%). Además, un mayor número de ACEs se asoció con un número significativamente mayor de problemas de salud mental auto informados, con una alta prevalencia de trastornos del ánimo y de trastorno de estrés postraumático, y con una mayor presencia de dos o más diagnósticos psiquiátricos coexistentes (clasificación psiquiátrica de comorbilidad).

Conclusiones: Este estudio de corte transversal sobre la adversidad infantil y su asociación con la salud mental, demostró que las ACEs son altamente prevalentes en los jóvenes registrados para el cuidado de la salud mental. Este estudio respalda una relación gradual y acumulativa entre la adversidad infantil y los problemas de salud mental.

Keywords: ACE; Adversidad infantil; Childhood adversity; PTSD; TEPT; adolescences; adolescentes; childhood trauma; mental health; muestra psiquiátrica ambulatoria; outpatient psychiatric sample; salud mental; trauma infantil.

Plain language summary

This study investigated the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences and associated mental health problems among Dutch youth registered for mental health care. Almost seven out of ten patients reported having been exposed to childhood adversity, and two out of ten patients reported exposure to four or more adverse childhood experiences.The results indicated a significant association between exposure to childhood adversity and mental health problems.Analysis of the data showed a cumulative effect of adverse childhood experiences, meaning that patients who reported exposure to more childhood adversity also showed more severe internalizing and externalizing mental health problems, a significant increase in both posttraumatic stress disorder and mood disorder diagnoses, and a general increase in psychiatric comorbidities.

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Adverse Childhood Experiences*
  • Child
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Mental Health
  • Prevalence
  • Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic*

Grants and funding

RK received a Fellowship from ZonMw (grant number 63632004). The funder had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. All views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the funders.