High COVID-19 vaccine uptake following initial hesitancy among people in Australia who inject drugs

Olivia Price; Paul Dietze; Lisa Maher; Gregory J Dore; Rachel Sutherland; Caroline Salom; Raimondo Bruno; Sione Crawford; Louisa Degenhardt; Sarah Larney; Amy Peacock

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.051

High COVID-19 vaccine uptake following initial hesitancy among people in Australia who inject drugs

Vaccine. 2024 Apr 19;42(11):2877-2885. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.051. Epub 2024 Mar 22.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Electronic address: o.price@unsw.edu.au.
² National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Disease Elimination Program, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; National Drug Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
³ Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
⁴ National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
⁵ National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
⁶ National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Psychological Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
⁷ Harm Reduction Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.
⁸ Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Canada.

PMID: 38519346
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.051

Abstract

Background: Previous studies have reported high COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among people who inject drugs. We aimed to examine COVID-19 vaccine coverage, motivations and barriers to vaccination, and factors associated with uptake among this population in Australia, 1.5 years after vaccine rollout commenced.

Methods: In June-July 2022, 868 people (66.0 % male, mean age 45.6 years) who regularly inject drugs and reside in an Australian capital city reported the number of COVID-19 vaccine doses they had received and their primary motivation (if vaccinated) or barrier (if unvaccinated) to receive the vaccine. We compared vaccine uptake to Australian population estimates and used logistic regression to identify factors associated with ≥ 2 dose and ≥ 3 dose uptake.

Results: Overall, 84.1 % (n = 730) had received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose, 79.6 % (n = 691) had received ≥ 2 doses, and 46.1 % (n = 400) had received ≥ 3 doses. Participants were less likely to be vaccinated than the Australian general population (prevalence ratio: 0.82, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.76-0.88). Key motivations to receive the vaccine were to protect oneself or others from COVID-19, while barriers pertained to vaccine or government distrust. Opioid agonist treatment (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.49, 95 % CI: 1.44-4.42), current seasonal influenza vaccine uptake (aOR: 6.76, 95 % CI: 3.18-16.75), and stable housing (aOR: 1.58, 95 % CI: 1.02-2.80) were associated with receipt of at least two vaccine doses. Participants aged ≥ 40 years (versus < 40 years; aOR: 1.66, 95 % CI: 1.10-2.53) or who reported a chronic health condition (aOR: 1.71, 95 % CI: 1.18-2.47) had higher odds of receiving at least three vaccine doses.

Conclusion: We observed higher COVID-19 vaccine uptake than expected given previous studies of vaccine acceptability among people who inject drugs. However, it was lower than the general population. People who inject drugs and reside in unstable housing are a subpopulation that require support to increase vaccine uptake.

Keywords: COVID-19; COVID-19 vaccines; People who inject drugs; Substance use; Vaccine hesitancy.

MeSH terms

Australia / epidemiology
COVID-19 Vaccines
COVID-19* / prevention & control
Female
Humans
Influenza Vaccines*
Male
Middle Aged
Vaccination

Substances

COVID-19 Vaccines
Influenza Vaccines