Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with fusion success among pediatric patients undergoing occiput-C2 rigid instrumentation and fusion.
Methods: The Pediatric Spine Study Group registry was queried to identify patients ≤ 21 years of age who underwent occiput-C2 posterior spinal rigid instrumentation and fusion and had a 2-year minimum clinical and radiographic (postoperative lateral cervical radiograph or CT scan) follow-up. Fusion failure was defined clinically if a patient underwent hardware revision surgery > 30 days after the index procedure or radiographically by the presence of hardware failure or screw haloing on the most recent follow-up imaging study. Univariate comparisons and multivariable logistic regression analyses were subsequently performed.
Results: Seventy-six patients met inclusion criteria. The median age at surgery was 9 years (range 1.5-17.2 years), and 51% of the cohort was male. Overall, 75% of patients had syndromic (n = 41) or congenital (n = 15) etiologies, with the most frequent diagnoses of Down syndrome (28%), Chiari malformation (13%), and Klippel-Feil syndrome (12%). Data were available to determine if there was a fusion failure in 97% (74/76) of patients. Overall, 38% (28/74) of patients had fusion failure (95% CI 27%-50%). Univariate analysis demonstrated that use of a rigid cervical collar postoperatively (p = 0.04) and structural rib autograft (p = 0.02) were associated with successful fusion. Multivariable logistic regression analysis determined that patients who had rib autograft used in surgery had a 73% decrease in the odds of fusion failure (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.09-0.82; p = 0.02). Age, etiology including Down syndrome, instrumentation type, unilateral instrumentation, use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein, and other variables did not influence the risk for fusion failure.
Conclusions: In this multicenter, multidisciplinary, international registry of children undergoing occiput-C2 instrumentation and fusion, fusion failure was seen in 38% of patients, a higher rate than previously reported in the literature. The authors' data suggest that postoperative immobilization in a rigid cervical collar may be beneficial, and the use of structural rib autograft should be considered, as rib autograft was associated with a 75% higher chance of successful fusion.
Keywords: cervical; occipitocervical fusion; occipitocervical junction instability; occiput; pediatric; rigid instrumentation; spine.