An immunogenic anti-cancer stem cell bi-nuclear copper(II)-flufenamic acid complex

Dalton Trans. 2024 Apr 2;53(14):6410-6415. doi: 10.1039/d4dt00384e.

Abstract

An asymmetric bi-nuclear copper(II) complex with both cytotoxic and immunogenic activity towards breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) is reported. The bi-nuclear copper(II) complex comprises of two copper(II) centres bound to flufenamic acid and 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline. The bi-nuclear copper(II) complex exhibits sub-micromolar potency towards breast CSCs grown in monolayers and three-dimensional cultures. Remarkably, the bi-nuclear copper(II) complex is up to 25-fold more potent toward breast CSC mammospheres than salinomycin (a gold standard anti-breast CSC agent) and cisplatin (a clinically administered metallodrug). Mechanistic studies showed that the bi-nuclear copper(II) complex readily enters breast CSCs, elevates intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, induces apoptosis, and promotes damage-associated molecular pattern release. The latter triggers phagocytosis of breast CSCs by macrophages. As far as we are aware, this is the first report of a bi-nuclear copper(II) complex to induce engulfment of breast CSCs by immune cells.

MeSH terms

  • Antineoplastic Agents* / metabolism
  • Antineoplastic Agents* / pharmacology
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Coordination Complexes* / metabolism
  • Coordination Complexes* / pharmacology
  • Copper / metabolism
  • Flufenamic Acid / metabolism
  • Neoplastic Stem Cells

Substances

  • Flufenamic Acid
  • Copper
  • Coordination Complexes
  • Antineoplastic Agents