The dynamics of the flavin, NADPH, and active site loops determine the mechanism of activation of class B flavin-dependent monooxygenases

Abstract

Flavin-dependent monooxygenases (FMOs) constitute a diverse enzyme family that catalyzes crucial hydroxylation, epoxidation, and Baeyer-Villiger reactions across various metabolic pathways in all domains of life. Due to the intricate nature of this enzyme family's mechanisms, some aspects of their functioning remain unknown. Here, we present the results of molecular dynamics computations, supplemented by a bioinformatics analysis, that clarify the early stages of their catalytic cycle. We have elucidated the intricate binding mechanism of NADPH and L-Orn to a class B monooxygenase, the ornithine hydroxylase from $\text{Aspergillus}$ $\text{fumigatus}$ known as SidA. Our investigation involved a comprehensive characterization of the conformational changes associated with the FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) cofactor, transitioning from the out to the in position. Furthermore, we explored the rotational dynamics of the nicotinamide ring of NADPH, shedding light on its role in facilitating FAD reduction, supported by experimental evidence. Finally, we also analyzed the extent of conservation of two Tyr-loops that play critical roles in the process.

Keywords: NADPH binding; NADPH dynamics; flavin dynamics; flavin-dependent monooxygenases; ornithine binding; uncoupling.