Longitudinal assessment of classic and 11-oxygenated androgen concentrations and their association with type 2 diabetes mellitus development: the Tromsø study

Giovanni Allaoui; Charlotta Rylander; Ole-Martin Fuskevåg; Guri Grimnes; Maria Averina; Tom Wilsgaard; Vivian Berg

doi:10.1007/s00592-024-02266-5

Longitudinal assessment of classic and 11-oxygenated androgen concentrations and their association with type 2 diabetes mellitus development: the Tromsø study

Acta Diabetol. 2024 Mar 18. doi: 10.1007/s00592-024-02266-5. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Giovanni Allaoui^{1

2}, Charlotta Rylander³, Ole-Martin Fuskevåg^{1

4}, Guri Grimnes^{4

5}, Maria Averina^{1

4}, Tom Wilsgaard³, Vivian Berg^{6

7}

Affiliations

¹ Division of Diagnostic Services, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North-Norway, 9038, Tromsø, Norway.
² Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
³ Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
⁴ Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
⁵ Division of Medicine, University Hospital of North-Norway, 9038, Tromsø, Norway.
⁶ Division of Diagnostic Services, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North-Norway, 9038, Tromsø, Norway. vivian.berg@uit.no.
⁷ Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway. vivian.berg@uit.no.

PMID: 38498076
DOI: 10.1007/s00592-024-02266-5

Abstract

Aim: We aimed to investigate changes in pre-diagnostic concentrations of classic and 11-oxygenated androgens in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) cases and healthy controls, associations between androgen concentrations and T2DM, and the potential for androgens to improve the prediction of T2DM when considered in combination with established risk factors.

Methods: Androgen concentrations were analysed in serum samples from 116 T2DM cases and 138 controls at 3, pre-diagnostic time-points: 1986/87 (T1), 1994/95 (T2), and 2001 (T3). Generalised estimating equations were used to longitudinally examine androgen concentrations, and logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) of T2DM at each time-point. Logistic regression models were also used to calculate area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AROC) from models including established risk factors alone (ERF model) and established risk factors plus each androgen, respectively, which were compared to identify improvements in predictive ability.

Results: For women, no significant associations were observed between any of the investigated androgens and T2DM after adjusting for confounders. For men, after adjusting for confounders, concentrations of all investigated 11-oxygenated androgens were higher in cases than controls at one or several time-points. We observed associations between T2DM and concentrations of 11-ketoandrostenedione (OR: 1.59) and 11-ketotestosterone (OR: 1.62) at T1; and 11-hydroxyandrostenedione (OR: 2.00), 11-hydroxytestosterone (OR: 1.76), 11-ketoandrostenedione (OR: 1.84), 11-ketotestosterone (OR: 1.78) and testosterone (OR: 0.45) at T3 in men. The addition of these androgens (including 11-hydroxytestosterone at T2) to the ERF model resulted in an improved ability to predict T2DM in men (AROC: 0.79-0.82). We did not observe significant differences in changes in androgen concentrations over time between cases and controls in either sex.

Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that testosterone and 11-oxygenated androgens are associated with T2DM in men before diagnosis and may be potential biomarkers in T2DM risk assessment.

Keywords: Androgens; Health service; Longitudinal survey; Preventive; Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Grants and funding

HNF1470-19/Helse Nord RHF