Assessment of the effects of prepartum anti-inflammatory therapies on type 1/type 2 immunity ratio using a rapid blood test

J Spring; Q Huo; E Jimenez; M Martinez; P Zarei; J Lection; E Hovingh; J Lawhead; R H Sorto Cruz; A A Barragan

doi:10.3168/jdsc.2023-0444

Assessment of the effects of prepartum anti-inflammatory therapies on type 1/type 2 immunity ratio using a rapid blood test

JDS Commun. 2023 Nov 17;5(2):144-149. doi: 10.3168/jdsc.2023-0444. eCollection 2024 Mar.

Authors

J Spring¹, Q Huo², E Jimenez¹, M Martinez¹, P Zarei¹, J Lection³, E Hovingh¹, J Lawhead⁴, R H Sorto Cruz¹, A A Barragan¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
² Department of Chemistry and NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826.
³ Intergraduate Degree Program in Integrative and Biomedical Physiology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
⁴ Millerstown Veterinary Associates, Millerstown, PA 17062.

Abstract

The objective of this study was to assess (1) the effects of prepartum administration of anti-inflammatory therapies on type 1/type 2 immunity ratio using a rapid blood test (D2Dx immunity test; Nano Discovery Inc.), and (2) correlations between rapid blood test scores and daily milk yield in Holstein dairy cows. At 14 d before the expected calving date, cows (n = 64) and heifers (n = 23) were blocked by body condition score (optimal = 3.25-3.5; high ≥3.75) and parity (nulliparous, parous), and randomly allocated to one of 3 treatment groups (1) ASA (n = 29) = receive one oral treatment with administration of acetylsalicylic acid (4 boluses; 480 grain/bolus); (2) MEL (n = 31) = receive one oral administration with meloxicam (1 mg/kg of body weight), or (3) PLC (n = 27) = receive one oral treatment with 4 gelatin capsules filled with water. Blood samples were collected weekly starting 1 wk before treatment until 3 wk after calving for assessment of type 1/type 2 immunity ratio using a rapid blood test (i.e., D2Dx immunity test). A higher D2Dx score corresponds to a higher type 1/type 2 ratio. Furthermore, blood samples were collected within 72 h before and after calving by farm personnel. Daily milk yield for the first 60 d in milk (DIM) was collected from on-farm computer records. The data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc.) as a randomized complete block design. On average enrolled cows received treatment administration 10 d before the actual calving date (standard deviation = 5.10 d). There was a tendency for a treatment by day interaction. Cows treated with ASA had higher type 1/type 2 ratio within 3 d after calving compared with MEL and PLC cows (ASA = 0.065 ± 0.002; MEL = 0.059 ± 0.002; PLC = 0.053 ± 0.002). Similarly, ASA and MEL cows had a higher type 1/type 2 ratio at 7 ± 3 DIM compared with PLC cows (ASA = 0.062 ± 0.002; MEL = 0.064 ± 0.002; PLC = 0.056 ± 0.002). Regardless of treatment, there was an interaction between parity and day. Parous cows had higher type 1/type 2 ratios compared with nulliparous cows at 14 ± 3 d before calving and at 7 ± 3, 14 ± 3, and 21 ± 3 d after calving. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between D2Dx scores at 14 ± 3 DIM and average daily milk yield in the first 60 DIM. These results suggest that prepartum anti-inflammatory therapies may cause an increased shift in type 1 immunity around calving. Similarly, parous cows may have an increased shift in type 1 immunity after calving. Interestingly, higher type 1/type 2 ratios may be associated with higher milk yields in the first 60 DIM. Larger studies are needed to identify associations between the D2Dx immunity test and cow health and performance, as well as to assess the applicability of these types of tests in a conventional farm setting.